Today marks the fiftieth anniversary of the untimely death of King Peter II of Yugoslavia, a monarch whose life was marked by both triumph and tragedy. Born into a royal family with a rich history, King Peter II’s life was shaped by the tumultuous events of World War II and the subsequent Cold War era.
King Peter II was a complex figure, known for his bravery and dedication to his country. Despite his untimely passing at the age of 47, his legacy continues to be celebrated by those who knew him and those who are interested in the history of the region. As we reflect on his life and reign, it is clear that King Peter II was a true leader who left an indelible mark on the world.
what were the key events leading up to King Peter II’s death
- Forced Abandonment of Throne: King Peter II ascended to the throne at the age of 17 in 1941 but was compelled to abandon it just 11 days later when Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia. He spent the remainder of his life in exile.
- Exile and Illness: King Peter II lived in exile in London and later in the United States, where he suffered from a long and grave illness before his death on November 3, 1970, in Denver Hospital, Colorado.
- Final Resting Place: Initially, King Peter II was buried at the St. Sava Monastery Church in Libertyville, Illinois. Later, his remains were transferred to the Royal Palace Chapel in Belgrade and then to the Royal Family Mausoleum of St. George in Oplenac, Serbia, where a State Funeral took place in 2013.
what were the circumstances of King Peter II’s exile
how did King Peter II maintain his sovereignty while in exile
- Recognition by Allies: He was still recognized as the king of Yugoslavia by the Allies, ensuring his legitimacy as the rightful ruler of the country.
- Government-in-Exile: He established and led the Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Exile, which was officially recognized by Spain and Mexico, further solidifying his position as the legitimate ruler.
- Preservation of Jus Majestatis: King Peter II preserved his rights as a sovereign, including the right to grant and recognize titles of nobility and other honors, which were essential to his role as a monarch.
- International Law: His actions were supported by international law, which recognized the sovereignty of a deposed monarch and the legitimacy of his government-in-exile, even if the government was not recognized by the usurper regime.
- Constitutional Basis: The government-in-exile professed to be based on the 1931 constitution, which made the king the chief executive officer of the state and ministers only responsible to the Crown, providing a constitutional basis for his actions.
- Recognition of Titles: King Peter II confined his actions to foreign citizens, avoiding any potential constitutional issues within Yugoslavia and ensuring that his actions were legal under international law.
- Support from Allies: He received support from allies like Spain and Mexico, which recognized his government-in-exile and provided a platform for him to maintain his sovereignty.
These measures collectively allowed King Peter II to maintain his sovereignty while in exile, despite the usurpation of power by the Communist regime in Yugoslavia.
Today, fifty years have passed since the death of King Peter II of Yugoslavia on 3 November 1970. The office of Crown Prince Alexander II of Serbia, the king’s only child, issued the following communiqué on 2 November 2020:
A memorial service for His Majesty King Peter II (son of the great unifier His Majesty King Alexander I) is going to be officiated tomorrow Tuesday, 3 November 2020 by His Grace Bishop Jovan of Sumadija at the Church of Saint George in Oplenac. According to protocol the first wreath will be laid by Mr. Dragomir Acovic, chairman of the Advisory bodies of the Crown on the behalf His Royal Highness Crown Prince Alexander head of the Serbian Royal Family (son of Hs Majesty King Peter II) on the tomb of the late King. In New York His Grace Bishop Irinej of Eastern America will officiate a memorial service for His Majesty King Peter II in the presence of Their Royal Highnesses Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine who will light candles in memory of the Crown Prince’s father, HM King Peter II, at the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava. His Majesty King Peter II was very close to the cathedral during his time in the United States.
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| King Peter II of Yugoslavia in London, 1968. |
On Thursday, 5 November 1970, Lieutenant Colonel C. Stojilkovic, a member of the Royal Yugoslav Airforce and former staff member to Yugoslavia’s last king, announced that His Majesty King Peter II of Yugoslavia had died on Tuesday, 3 November 1970, in Los Angeles, California, in hospital after suffering from cardio-respiratory failure caused by pneumonia. The king was forty-seven years-old and had been a resident of Playa del Rey, California. Peter had been residing there with Dr and Mrs Frank Lowe. The delay in announcing the king’s death was attributed to the fact that his entourage had to wait to contact his next of kin. It was reported that since April 1970 King Peter had been in and out of hospital in Los Angeles, suffering from kidney problems and other ailments that were brought on when he was diagnosed with pneumonia in September 1970. King Peter II of Yugoslavia lay in state for several days at Christ the Savior Serbian Orthodox Church in Arcadia, California. His attorney Sam Silverstein noted that the king’s will stipulated that the monarch be buried at the Serbian Orthodox Monastery in Libertyville, Illinois.
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| King Peter II and Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia in Paris, 1967. |
King Peter’s widow, Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia (née Greece), his son Crown Prince Alexander, and his brother Prince Tomislav had filed a court motion at the Los Angeles Superior Court challenging the Libertyville burial. The royals stated that Peter had wanted to be buried in London. Queen Alexandra and Crown Prince Alexander also filed a motion in the Lake County, Illinois, Circuit Court asking that the funeral services for King Peter be performed by Bishop Firmilian Ocokoljich, who served as chaplain to the royal family in London during World War II. The family’s attorney, Thomas J Karacic, stated that it would be “sacrilegious” to have services for the king be performed by the group controlling the Saint Sava Monastery near Libertyville. The North American diocese opposed the government of Yugoslavia, while the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch in Belgrade did not. Mr Karacic noted that if services went ahead under the Saint Sava leadership, then Queen Alexandra, Crown Prince Alexander, and Prince Tomislav would boycott the ceremony. Alas, Circuit Court Judge L Erie Carey ruled that the services would be conducted at the monastery by Bishop Iriney and Bishop Dionisije, in accordance with the king’s wishes.
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| The funeral service of King Peter II of Yugoslavia at Saint Sava in Libertyville, Illinois. |
On 15 November 1970, around fifteen thousand mourners filed past the bier in the Byzantine chapel of Saint Sava’s Eastern Orthodox Church in Libertyville, IL, to render their last homage to their late king. The king’s body lay in a brown, metallic coffin, the front half covered with glass. Clad in a Yugoslav Air Force uniform, he looked more like an eighty year-old than his age of 47, it was written. A World War II amputee who had served in the king’s armed forces said, “He was an unhappy man. He helped thwart Hitler’s movement into Russia and then his country was given the Russians.” Bishop Iriney of Pennsylvania delivered a moving eulogy: “He was a unique and unusual man and he lived and reigned under even more unusual circumstances. One of his brothers wanted him to be buried in Westminster Abbey in London. King Peter could have been buried there with the rulers and all the dignitaries of the world in attendance. Instead, he rejected world glamour and brought himself to the level of his people. His choice to be with the Serbian people and lead them against the Axis war machine was of great historical importance. He delayed Hitler three months in attacking the Soviet Union. He could have stayed in the palace and enjoyed the everyday privileges of the royalty. He knew that any resistance would result in the sacrifice of many lives and wholesale destruction. But he also knew that any temporary security for himself and his people would result in the erosion of his people’s essential liberties.” Neither Queen Alexandra, who was estranged from her husband, nor Crown Prince Alexandra attended the funeral of King Peter in Illinois. The only member of the king’s family to attend his burial was his youngest brother Prince Andrej.
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| The grave of King Peter II of Yugoslavia at Saint Sava’s Eastern Orthodox Monastery in Libertyville. |
It was not until Friday, 20 November 1970, that it emerged through Denver Post reporting that King Peter II of Yugoslavia had actually died at Denver General Hospital on 3 November. The king had been admitted to Denver General on 7 October and on 8 October underwent a liver transplant. Peter had been suffering from advanced cirrhosis of the liver for some years, and on 7 October the king had been flown from California via a private chartered jet to Denver, where he underwent the transplant surgery the next day. The liver intended to prolong the monarch’s life had come from Barbara Virginia Peterson, aged fifteen, who died on 7 October after an automobile accident on 3 October in Garden Grove, California. The Denver Post reported that Peter had died in hospital while still recovering from the operation. On his death certificate, which was filed with the Colorado Health Department, the king’s name was given as Peter Petrovich. Following his death, the king’s body was immediately flown by private jet back to Los Angeles. A friend of the royal family gave the following statement: “He [King Peter] had been in and out of hospitals (John Wesley and Queen of Angels) most of the year, and the doctors were trying to keep him alive long enough to find a donor for a liver transplant. When an acceptable donor was located in Denver, he was flown there.” When questioned as to why the truth behind the king’s death was not given earlier, the source replied, “Because the queen [Alexandra] had kept up the pretext of his being here [in California], and she couldn’t very well suddenly admit he’d been in Denver for almost a month. Besides, she didn’t want to discourage potential liver transplant recipients and donors.” At the time of King Peter’s death, his wife Queen Alexandra was living in Venice, Italy.
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| Crown Prince Alexander at the memorial service held in London for his father King Peter. |
Crown Prince Alexander attended a memorial service for his late father King Peter at the Serbian Orthodox Church in Notting Hill, London, on 11 August 1971.
On 26 May 2020, King Peter II of Yugoslavia was reburied in the mausoleum of the Karadjordjević dynasty at the Church of Saint George in Oplenac. Along with the king, Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia (his wife), Queen Marie of Yugoslavia (his mother), and Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia (his younger brother) were also reburied in the family mausoleum.
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Crown Prince Peter of Yugoslavia was born at Belgrade on 6 September 1923 as the eldest son of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and his wife Queen Marie (born Princess of Romania). Peter was joined by two younger brothers: Prince Tomislav and Prince Andrej. The crown prince became King Peter II of Yugoslavia in 1934 after the assassination of his father Alexander. In 1945, Peter lost his throne due to the Communist takeover of Yugoslavia in the aftermath of World War II.
In 1944, King Peter II of Yugoslavia married Princess Alexandra of Greece (1921-1993), the daughter of King Alexander I of the Hellenes and his wife Princess Aspasia of Greece (née Manos). King Peter and Queen Alexandra had one child, Crown Prince Alexander II of Serbia (b.1945).
what were the most significant challenges King Peter II faced in exile
- Forced Abandonment of Throne: King Peter II ascended to the throne at the age of 17 in 1941 but was compelled to abandon it just 11 days later when Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia. He spent the remainder of his life in exile.
- Exile and Illness: King Peter II lived in exile in London and later in the United States, where he suffered from a long and grave illness before his death on November 3, 1970, in Denver Hospital, Colorado.
- Final Resting Place: Initially, King Peter II was buried at the St. Sava Monastery Church in Libertyville, Illinois. Later, his remains were transferred to the Royal Palace Chapel in Belgrade and then to the Royal Family Mausoleum of St. George in Oplenac, Serbia, where a State Funeral took place in 2013.
As we conclude our reflection on the life and legacy of King Peter II of Yugoslavia, we are reminded of the profound impact he had on the world. His untimely death on November 3, 1970, marked the end of an era, but his memory lives on through the countless lives he touched and the enduring legacy he left behind. **King Peter II** was a symbol of hope and resilience, a monarch who remained steadfast in his commitment to his people and his country despite the challenges he faced. His story serves as a testament to the power of courage and determination, inspiring generations to come.
As we move forward, we are reminded that the lessons of history are crucial in shaping our understanding of the present and guiding our actions towards a brighter future. **King Peter II**’s life and legacy serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and leadership. His story is a beacon of hope, illuminating the path forward for those who seek to make a positive impact on the world. As we continue to navigate the complexities of our world, we would do well to draw inspiration from the life and legacy of King Peter II, a true champion of justice, freedom, and humanity. May his memory continue to inspire and motivate us to strive for a better world.
what were the key moments in King Peter II’s life that defined his reign
- Assassination of Father: King Peter II’s father, King Alexander I, was assassinated on October 9, 1934, leading to the 11-year-old Peter ascending the throne as King Peter II.
- World War II and Exile: King Peter II was forced to abandon his throne in 1941 after the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, initially in Greece, then in Jerusalem, Cairo, and finally in the United Kingdom, where he finished his education and joined the Royal Air Force.
- Marriage and Family: King Peter II married Princess Alexandra of Greece in 1944, and they had one son, Crown Prince Alexander.
- Death and Legacy: King Peter II died on November 3, 1970, in Denver, Colorado, following a failed liver transplant. He was initially buried in Libertyville, Illinois, but his remains were later transferred to the Royal Family Mausoleum of St. George in Oplenac, Serbia, where a State Funeral took place in 2013.
These pivotal events shaped King Peter II’s life and reign, marked by his early ascension to the throne, his forced exile, and his eventual death in the United States.
